You probably think you know what a “hacker” is, but the images portrayed in the media can be misleading. You may be thinking of a geeky-looking guy who causes peoples’ computers to get infected with viruses or cracks passwords to raid the accounts of big business. This is one kind of hacker, but in a broader sense a hacker is a person (male or female) who uses their programming skills and technical knowledge to create and modify computer software and hardware by finding their weaknesses and exploiting them.

What Motivates Hackers?

Hackers can be motivated by a number of reasons, both positive and negative. For instance, criminal hackers can create malware to commit crimes, such as stealing information and money, while other hackers are benevolent. They may work for big companies or the government in the name of protecting them from bad hackers.

Categories of Hackers

It helps to be familiar with these general categories of hackers:

Black Hat Hackers

A black hat hacker is a hacker who gains unauthorized access into a computer system or network with malicious intent. They may use computers to attack systems for profit, for fun, for political motivations, or as part of a social cause. Such penetration often involves modification and/or destruction of data, as well as distribution of computer viruses, Internet worms, and spam.

White Hat Hackers

Also known as “ethical hackers,” white hat hackers are computer security experts who specialize in penetration testing and other testing methodologies to ensure that a company’s information systems are secure. These security experts may utilize a variety of methods to carry out their tests, including social engineering tactics, use of hacking tools, and attempts to evade security to gain entry into secured areas.

Gray Hat Hackers

These are skilled hackers who sometimes act legally, sometimes in good will and sometimes not. They are a hybrid between white and black hat hackers. They usually do not hack for personal gain or have malicious intentions, but may or may not occasionally commit crimes during the course of their technological exploits.

The Broad Meaning of the Term “Hacker”

The term “hacker” is used far more broadly than most people realize. While it can describe someone attempting to compromise a computer system, it can just as easily refer to a person who enjoys exploring how technology works, tinkering with computer systems, or solving difficult technical problems. In modern usage, “hacker” is a flexible label that applies to individuals with widely varying skills, motivations, and intentions.

Because the term covers such a wide spectrum, from criminal attackers to skilled security professionals, it’s more accurate and helpful to use descriptors like “white hat hacker” for ethical security experts or “criminal hacker” for those who exploit vulnerabilities for malicious purposes. This distinction matters: hackers themselves are often highly talented, and many of them work to strengthen cybersecurity rather than undermine it. In fact, organizations depend on ethical hackers to help identify weaknesses and protect users from harmful attacks.

Final Thoughts

While the word hacker often brings to mind cybercriminals, the truth is far more nuanced. White hat hackers are skilled problem‑solvers, innovators, and ethical security professionals who play a crucial role in improving cybersecurity and protecting everyday users.

But alongside the good are the criminal or black hat hackers who deliberately seek to compromise systems, steal information, or cause harm. Their tactics continue to evolve, making strong, proactive protection essential. To safeguard your devices and personal data from these threats, equip yourself with comprehensive security tools that can detect, block, and defend against malicious attacks.

Stay protected from black hat hackers with McAfee’s trusted security, designed to keep your digital life safe, secure, and one step ahead.